Substitutions

1 cup cake flour = 1 cup minus 2 tbsp. all-purpose flour

1 cup firmly packed brown sugar = 1 cup granulated sugar mixed with 2 tbsp. molasses

1 tsp. baking powder = 1/4 tsp. baking soda plus 1/2 tsp. cream of tartar

1 cup whole milk = 1 cup skim milk plus 2 tbsp. melted butter

1 cup buttermilk = 1 tbsp. lemon juice or vinegar plus milk to equal 1 cup (Stir; let mixture stand 5 minutes).

1 cup sour cream = 1 cup plain yogurt

1 cup honey = 1 1/4 cups granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup water

1 cup molasses = 1 cup dark corn syrup or honey

1/2 cup corn syrup = 1/2 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup water

1 ounce (1 square) unsweetened chocolate = 3 tbsp. unsweetened cocoa plus 1 tbsp. shortening

1 ounce (1 square) semi-sweet chocolate = 1 ounce unsweetened chocolate plus 1 tbsp. sugar

1 cup semi-sweet chocolate chips = 6 ounces semi-sweet baking chocolate, chopped